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991.
In the arid inland river basins of northwestern China,human activities control almost all the surface hydrologic processes.The potential effects of these altered hydrologic processes are gradually becoming clear,especially since the 2000 implementation of the integrated water resources management projects in the Shiyang River,the Heihe River,the Tarim River,and the Shuler River.While the appearance of these eco-hydrology changes and consequent environmental effects in the oasis has attracted broad attention,related research is still lacking.Eco-hydrological process changes in the desert-oasis ecotone were investigated in the Pingchuan irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Heihe River.The results showed that the annual average amount of surface water irrigation during the past 20 years has decreased by 1.498×107 m3,while the annual average amount of well irrigation has increased by 1.457×107 m3,since 2000,when the State Council of China approved the water diversion scheme for the Heihe River Basin.The groundwater depth before the water diversion scheme generally varied between2.44–3.19 m(average 2.73±0.24 m),while that after the water diversion scheme has varied between 3.08–4.01 m(average3.79±0.62 m).The distribution area of3 m groundwater depth decreased from 3612 to 394 hm2;while the distribution area of3 m groundwater depth increased from 853 to 3843 hm2.However,although the hydrologic processes changed dramatically,no significant effects on vegetation productivity in the desert-oasis ecotone were detected during the study period. 相似文献
992.
Kenneth J. Gregory Stuart N. Lane John Lewin Philip J. Ashworth Peter W. Downs Michael J. Kirkby Heather A. Viles 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(4):476-486
The British Society for Geomorphology (BSG), established as the British Geomorphological Research Group (BGRG) in 1960, is considering how best to represent geomorphology and geomorphologists in the light of recent changes in the nature of communication. These changes provide the BSG and other academic societies with challenges and opportunities. Seven drivers of communication change are outlined: the changing position of geomorphology in higher education, the nature of academic interaction, the means of communication available, a transformation in the nature of geomorphological research, changes in funding support, the government role in resource allocation, and developments in quantifying international research impact. Challenges arising from changing communications are identified as occurring beyond the ‘academy’, in the nature of publication within the ‘academy’, and associated with meetings of the ‘academy’. Although national societies now have to contemplate significantly different purposes to provide for their members than in the twentieth century, there are opportunities available that cannot be fulfilled by international organizations alone. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
993.
Paolo Perona Benoît Crouzy Stuart McLelland Peter Molnar Carlo Camporeale 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(12):1651-1662
Many rivers worldwide show converging sections where a characteristic limiting front for vegetation establishment on gravel bars is observed. An important conceptual model was advanced in 2006 by Gurnell and Petts, who demonstrated that for the convergent section of the Tagliamento River the downstream front of vegetation establishment can be explained by unit stream power. We introduce a theoretical framework based on 1D ecomorphodynamic equations modified to account for the biological dynamics of vegetation. We obtain the first analytical result explaining the position and river width where vegetation density is expected to vanish in relation to a characteristic streamflow magnitude and both hydraulic and biological parameters. We apply our model to a controlled experiment within a convergent flume channel with growing seedlings perturbed by periodic floods. For a range of timescales where hydrological and biological processes interact, we observe the formation of a front in the convergent section beyond which vegetation cannot survive, the location of which is explained by flow magnitude. This experiment confirms that the timescales of the involved processes and the unit stream power determine the existence and the position of the front within convergent river reaches, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
994.
AbstractThe generation of reliable quantitative precipitation estimations (QPEs) through use of raingauge and radar data is an important issue. This study investigates the impacts of radar QPEs with different densities of raingauge networks on rainfall–runoff processes through a semi-distributed parallel-type linear reservoir rainfall–runoff model. The spatial variation structures of the radar QPE, raingauge QPE and radar-gauge residuals are examined to review the current raingauge network, and a compact raingauge network is identified via the kriging method. An analysis of the large-scale spatial characteristics for use with a hydrological model is applied to investigate the impacts of a raingauge network coupled with radar QPEs on the modelled rainfall–runoff processes. Since the precision in locating the storm centre generally represents how well the large-scale variability is reproduced; the results show not only the contribution of kriging to identify a compact network coupled with radar QPE, but also that spatial characteristics of rainfalls do affect the hydrographs.
Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor R.J. MooreCitation Pan, T.-Y., Li, M.-Y., Lin, Y.-J., Chang, T.-J., Lai, J.-S., and Tan, Y.-C., 2014. Sensitivity analysis of the hydrological response of the Gaping River basin to radar-raingauge quantitative precipitation estimates. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (7), 1335–1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.923969 相似文献
995.
黄河内蒙古段支流“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
“十大孔兑”来沙造成黄河干流强烈淤积.为了通过流域治理来减轻泥沙灾害,研究“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙过程具有重要意义.基于1960—2005年的河流输沙量、径流量和降雨量资料,运用统计方法进行了研究.结果表明:“十大孔兑”输沙量高度集中于几个大水大沙年份,其余年份对46年总输沙量的贡献很小.最大1年、最大3年、最大5年和最大10年的累积输沙量分别占到46年总输沙量的21.26%、37.18%、47.92%和69.29%.1960—1991年和1992—2005年两个时段相比,后一时段输沙量年均值减少了37%.这一差异可以用暴雨特征的差异和下垫面(如植被)的变化来解释.1991年以后,年降水量无明显变化,但最大1日降雨量在p<0.10的水平上呈现减小的趋势.虽然20世纪90年代西柳沟并未大规模实施水土保持治理,但由于农村富余劳动力转移,对土地的压力减轻,对植被的破坏大大减弱,使得植被逐渐恢复,NDVI呈增大趋势,因而侵蚀产沙减弱.“十大孔兑”产沙模数具有明显的空间分异特征,从西向东增大,在西柳沟达到最大值,然后再减小.流域自然地理因素具有明显的变化,从西向东,沙尘暴频率减小,降雨量增大.沙丘类型也发生了变化,由以流动沙丘为主变为以半固定沙丘为主,进入河道风沙的输沙强度减小.另一方面,水力驱动的侵蚀和泥沙输移从西向东增强.上述两种作用叠加的结果,在区域中部西柳沟附近出现了侵蚀产沙的峰值区. 相似文献
996.
内蒙古哈达门沟金矿构造演化及成矿控矿构造特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
哈达门沟金矿是内蒙古迄今最大的金矿床,具有超大型金矿床规模。金的成矿作用对岩性没有明确的选择性,而主要是受褶皱断裂构造的控制。成矿流体主要来自深源,在有利的构造扩容带中聚积成矿。研究表明,该区的构造变形从早到晚,力学性质往往从塑性到脆性,构造规模从小到大,构造类型则是褶皱与剪切带同时形成,或相间发育。该区主要经历了4个期次的强烈褶皱剪切作用,并形成了主要的成矿控矿构造。第一期构造变形时岩石的流变性较强,褶皱幅度较小,一般多表现为小规模的塑性流变褶皱,并产生了小规模韧性剪切带;第二期(主期)褶皱以乌拉山主峰为主的东西向区域规模的复式背、向斜(形),并在主期褶皱的倒转翼发育了一系列与褶皱同向延伸的脆韧性剪切带,它们构成了区域性构造薄弱带;第三期为横跨叠加褶皱,使近东西向褶皱发生了南北向蛇形弯曲,伴随该期褶皱作用形成了低绿片岩相韧脆性剪切带,为深源成矿流体的贯入与集聚成矿提供了很好的赋存空间,是主要的成矿控矿构造;第四期构造变形则以区域性隆升作用为主,使早期褶皱发生横弯褶皱的同时,还将深部形成的金矿体抬升至浅部。文中在成矿控矿构造研究的基础上,探讨了矿床成矿规律,提出了找矿远景。 相似文献
997.
Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
Baosheng Wu Guangqian Wang Junqiang Xia Xudong Fu Yuanfeng Zhang 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):366-376
This paper presents a study on the response of bankfull discharge to incoming discharge and sediment load based on long-term hydrological and bankfull discharge data measured on the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The analysis indicated that the bankfull discharge was a function of the preceding 5 to 6 years' flow regimes, revealing that bankfull channel dimensions were a result of the accumulative effect of several consecutive years' flow discharge and sediment load conditions. In other words, the mean relaxation time was about 5 to 6 years for channel adjustment. Theoretical methods for the prediction of bankfull discharge were developed, in which the response time or the relaxation time was fully considered. Testing of the methods using data observed at five hydrologic stations in the lower reaches of the Yellow River from 1960 to 2003 showed that the proposed methods can predict the variation of bankfull discharge in response to changes in the incoming discharge and sediment load. The proposed methods hold promise for predicting the magnitude and trend of channel response to other rivers undergoing aggradation or degradation from changes in hydrologic or sediment regime. 相似文献
998.
The complete life cycle of a permafrost mound is reconstructed from its growth until its degradation. The study site is a lithalsa, which is the subject of a long-term monitoring that includes geocryological observations, measurements of permafrost properties on cores, ground temperature measurements, and observations of landform changes. The landform likely grew as a palsa under cold climatic conditions in the past. The peat cover was subsequently eroded. Early stages of degradation are witnessed since 2003 as a new thermokarst pond is starting to form though mound collapse. Settlement of the structure has been observed, and a rim ridge has begun to form. Ultimately, the lithalsa shall disappear and be replaced by a circular thermokarst pond surrounded by a rampart, similar to many other ones in the study area. The monitoring of the thermal regime of the lithalsa illustrates the pattern of internal warming and points to the causes of its degradation. 相似文献
999.
Pseudo-feathery dunes in the Kumtagh Desert 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Zhibao Dong Jianjun Qu Xunming Wang Guangqiang Qian Wanyin Luo Zhenhai Wei 《Geomorphology》2008,100(3-4):328-334
The Kumtagh Desert is the last explored desert in China. The unique patterns on aerial photographs and satellite images have led previous researchers to the conclusion that the Kumtagh Desert is the only place over the world where typical feathery dunes are developed, and that some unique wind regimes are at work. Recent field investigation reveals that the feathery patterns in fact reflect the albedo contrasts between the seif dunes, bright dune-like drifts and the dark inter-dune lag sediments. The wind regime in the area containing the so-called feathery dunes is typical of the regime that produces seif dunes that were considered to be shafts of the feathery dunes, and the vanes of the feathery dunes are in fact bright dune-like drifts with indistinct height from the surroundings rather than true transverse dunes. Further analysis indicates that the sediments of seif dunes, dune-like drifts and dark inter-dune flats differ in grain size distribution, mineralogy, reflectance spectrum and particle micro-morphology. Sediments that constitute seif dunes and dune-like drifts are finer and poorly rounded, contain relatively more quartz, and hence have higher albedo, while the sediments that constitute the dark inter-dune flats are coarser and better rounded, contain far less quartz but relatively more andesite and dacite, and hence have lower albedo. As a result, what was originally perceived as unique feathery dunes are in fact only pseudo-feathery dunes composed primarily of seif dunes. This discovery also demonstrates that blowing sand drifts can form dune-like patterns that remain visible for long periods of time. It is important to distinguish between the patterns of true dunes and those of dune-like drifts (pseudo-dunes) that cause albedo contrasts in interpreting remote sensing images. 相似文献
1000.
晚第四纪湖泊沉积物盐类与碎屑矿物反相关关系的沉积学解释 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
湖泊沉积物中矿物组合是古气候环境研究的敏感性指标之一, 充分认识湖泊沉积物中各类矿物组合类型、沉积过程, 对正确解释矿物学指标有重要意义. 我国晚第四纪湖泊沉积记录中, 盐类矿物与碎屑矿物含量普遍存在反相关关系, 影响了矿物组合作为气候指标的解释和应用. 从地球科学的角度正确理解这种关系, 可以为湖泊动力学以及古气候环境定量研究提供重要的科学依据. 选择甘肃民勤盆地石羊河下游终端湖猪野泽不同位置5个全新世剖面, 在明确湖泊沉积物来源、搬运方式和沉积动力机制的基础上, 研究了以碳酸盐矿物为主的盐类矿物含量与粒度指标之间的关系. 结果表明:猪野泽各剖面砂层富含的中砂、细砂沉积物主要是来自于巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的风成砂; 水动力作用主导了湖相沉积层200 μm以下沉积物的沉积, 风力作用对20~70 μm粉砂组分沉积也有所贡献. 同时, 猪野泽湖相沉积层中高含量的碳酸盐主要来自于流水搬运, 湖相沉积层位200 μm以下的粉砂和极细砂是碳酸盐的主要富集区. 综上所述, 干旱区湖泊沉积物中盐类矿物含量与其沉积过程密切相关, 盐类矿物在全球变化研究中的应用要建立在充分研究其沉积动力机制的基础上. 相似文献